The Science Operations and Data Center (SODC) of the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S) satellite project connects the mission and users, and is responsible for the science operations, the data production, management, distribution, and archiving. SODC heavily relies on various databases with high stability and performance. This article introduces the function architecture and performance optimization of the databases in the frame of the SODC software via several examples with detailed realizations of the database tables. The proposed databases for detailed design include observation plan database, engineering parameters database, operation log database, science data database, calibration data database, and featured event identification database. This article can be a reference for establishing similar databases of other scientific satellite missions.