Connected Element Interferometry (CEI) has been used for space surveillance as an all-day, all-weather passive tracking technique. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite requires frequent maneuver planning to maintain its subsatellite position or accomplish other tasks, which makes rapid orbit recovery extremely important for surveillance and early warning whenever a maneuver ends. This paper is to investigate CEI-based GEO short-arc orbit determination. Firstly, rank-deficiency in the conventional orbit determination algorithm is demonstrated and a priori orbit constraint is given to strengthen the positive definiteness of normal matrix. Then an adaptive optimization method to solve for the initial value of semi-major axis is proposed. Finally, two short-arc orbit determination and prediction experiments are carried out using both the simulated and measured CEI data of Asia-Pacific STAR 7 (APSTAR 7) satellite. The results show that an accuracy of 4 km is achievable for 30-min short-arc orbit determination and 10-min orbit prediction by using the proposed algorithm, which can meet the demands of rapid orbit recovery for non-cooperative GEO targets after maneuvers.